The Gut-Brain Connection

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Illustration of two matching dishes on a bench, one holding a small pinch of crimson saffron threads and one empty, with a level sage-green line running across both and a violet saffron crocus beside them

Saffron side effects: what the trials actually recorded

At the amounts used in the research, around 28 to 30 mg a day of a standardised extract, saffron trials have recorded few side effects and no serious reactions.

Saffron side effects: what the trials actually recorded

At the amounts used in the research, around 28 to 30 mg a day of a standardised extract, saffron trials have recorded few side effects and no serious reactions.

Illustration of a winding section of gut. Its sage green walls are lined with a settled community of indigo bacteria, while a stream of honey gold bacteria enters at one end, travels through the middle and leaves at the other.

Do probiotics need to be taken every day? What happens in the gut when you stop

Most probiotic bacteria are visitors, not residents. They are found in the gut while they are being taken and fade out within days to a couple of weeks of stopping.

Do probiotics need to be taken every day? What happens in the gut when you stop

Most probiotic bacteria are visitors, not residents. They are found in the gut while they are being taken and fade out within days to a couple of weeks of stopping.

Illustration of a timeline: a saffron thread, then a crocus bud, a half-open crocus and a fully open crocus with crimson stigmas, under a sun rising across the weeks

How long does saffron take to work? What the trials measured, week by week

Saffron's compounds are absorbed within about an hour, but the differences the trials measured took weeks: from four weeks at the earliest, at eight weeks in teenagers, and at twelve weeks in the two largest trials, all at 28 mg a day of a standardised extract.

How long does saffron take to work? What the trials measured, week by week

Saffron's compounds are absorbed within about an hour, but the differences the trials measured took weeks: from four weeks at the earliest, at eight weeks in teenagers, and at twelve weeks in the two largest trials, all at 28 mg a day of a standardised extract.

A looping coil of intestine in soft sage with small glowing honey-gold knots along it, and a fine indigo line carrying golden pulses up to a small brain in the corner

Stomach pain and constipation in autistic children: what the research shows

Gut problems are several times more common in autistic children, and they travel with harder days, worry and poorer sleep.

Stomach pain and constipation in autistic children: what the research shows

Gut problems are several times more common in autistic children, and they travel with harder days, worry and poorer sleep.

A honey jar on a laboratory bench beside a chromatography column showing separated bands of colour, a pipette and a certification seal

What a certified honey grade actually proves

A number on a jar is only worth what the testing behind it is worth. What MGO grading measures, what UMF adds, and the study that checked whether the labels tell the truth.

What a certified honey grade actually proves

A number on a jar is only worth what the testing behind it is worth. What MGO grading measures, what UMF adds, and the study that checked whether the labels tell the truth.

Five identical Leptospermum blossoms in a row, each above a tall vessel filled to a very different depth with amber

Why one Manuka honey is stronger than another

Two jars of Manuka can differ by a factor of ten, and the reason starts in the flower rather than the hive. Where the number comes from, why species and place matter, and how well it keeps.

Why one Manuka honey is stronger than another

Two jars of Manuka can differ by a factor of ten, and the reason starts in the flower rather than the hive. Where the number comes from, why species and place matter, and how well it keeps.

A honey dipper lifting a golden ribbon with fine chains and bacteria rising from it, beside a thin clear pour into a plain glass with nothing rising from it

Why honey and not syrup

Anything you take daily needs something to carry it. Honey and glucose syrup look interchangeable on an ingredients list and behave very differently in laboratory studies of gut bacteria.

Why honey and not syrup

Anything you take daily needs something to carry it. Honey and glucose syrup look interchangeable on an ingredients list and behave very differently in laboratory studies of gut bacteria.

A branch of acerola cherries with the unripe green fruit large and sharp in the foreground and the ripe red fruit smaller behind

Acerola: the cherry that is mostly vitamin C

Acerola is a small tropical cherry used as a vitamin C source rather than eaten as fruit. What it is, why it is picked green, and what whole-fruit vitamin C brings that a synthetic powder does not.

Acerola: the cherry that is mostly vitamin C

Acerola is a small tropical cherry used as a vitamin C source rather than eaten as fruit. What it is, why it is picked green, and what whole-fruit vitamin C brings that a synthetic powder does not.

Two identical Leptospermum blossoms drawn side by side, with a scatter of smaller blossoms of many different forms behind them

Is Australian Manuka real Manuka?

New Zealand tried twice to make Manuka a name only its own producers could use. It lost both times, in the country that raised the argument.

Is Australian Manuka real Manuka?

New Zealand tried twice to make Manuka a name only its own producers could use. It lost both times, in the country that raised the argument.

A funnel with three progressively finer sieve layers: many mixed shapes tumble in at the top and are caught, while a single clear amber vial emerges below

How to judge a supplement's evidence when your child is neurodivergent

Five questions you can answer from the label and ten minutes of searching: was the ingredient tested on its own, is the extract standardised and to what, was it placebo-controlled and how often, was it tested in anyone your child's age, and does the amount on the label match the amount in the study.

How to judge a supplement's evidence when your child is neurodivergent

Five questions you can answer from the label and ten minutes of searching: was the ingredient tested on its own, is the extract standardised and to what, was it placebo-controlled and how often, was it tested in anyone your child's age, and does the amount on the label match the amount in the study.

A chromatography column showing separated bands of colour beside a laboratory flask, saffron threads and a certification seal

What a saffron extract is tested for before it reaches you

Four heavy metals, four aflatoxins, plant alkaloids, pesticide residues and seven microbiological limits. What is on an ingredient specification sheet, which tests run on every batch, and the difference between a specification and a certificate of analysis.

What a saffron extract is tested for before it reaches you

Four heavy metals, four aflatoxins, plant alkaloids, pesticide residues and seven microbiological limits. What is on an ingredient specification sheet, which tests run on every batch, and the difference between a specification and a certificate of analysis.

A fanned stack of research papers drawn as blank ruled sheets, with saffron threads resting on the top sheet

The most studied saffron extract: what that actually rests on

Most saffron reviews pool a dozen different preparations made in different ways. Eleven randomised, placebo-controlled trials have tested one standardised extract, in more than 1,000 people aged 12 to 77, and two of them are missing from the databases most people search.

The most studied saffron extract: what that actually rests on

Most saffron reviews pool a dozen different preparations made in different ways. Eleven randomised, placebo-controlled trials have tested one standardised extract, in more than 1,000 people aged 12 to 77, and two of them are missing from the databases most people search.